Transformational Leadership in Nursing

Transformational lead in NursingAshley FreemanIntroductionTransformational leadership guess is the process whereby the leaders attends to the demands and motives of their pursuit so that the interaction offer each to higher levels of morality and motivation (Yoder-Wise, P., 2014, pg. 10). In its most optimal form, it produces positive and valuable intensify inside the chase with the purpose of growing the followers into leaders. When a leader embodies transformational leadership, they enhance the morale, motivation and performance of followers with various techniques. These techniques include helping the followers to connect their sense of ego and identity to the mission and the collective identity of the organization inspire followers by being their role model challenge followers to go above and beyond what is expected of them, and understand their strengths and weakness, so the leader batch assign t pick outs to its followers that can optimize their performance.Backgro undIn 1978 leadership expert, James McGregor Burns developed the first concept of the transforming leadership theory. He created this theory to address the aspects of an organization in which leaders focus on the beliefs, success, needs and values of their employees. According to Burns (1978), the transforming approach creates significant change in the life of people and organizations. It redesigns perceptions and values, and changes expectations and aspirations of employees. In 1985 Bernard M. Bass extended the hunt of Burns by explaining transforming leadership, and using the term transformational instead, that the followers of much(prenominal) leaders feel, trust, appreciation, constancy and respect for the leader because of the attributes of the transformational leader willingness to cultivate harder than anticipated.Transformational Leadership in NursingTransformational leaders have the following characteristics model of oneness and fairness, effective communication skills , provides support and recognition, sets clear goals, visionary, progress others and has high expectations (Yoder-Wise, P., 2015). My incumbent nurse manager, Cathy, is a transformational leader. She allows the Patient C be Coordinators (PCCs) or charge nurses and sometimes the cater to participant in the decision making. As one of the PCCs, Cathy lets me practise decisions about staffing and I am responsible for scheduling the staff. She provides constructive criticism, offers information, makes suggestions, and ask questions (Blais Hayes 2011, p. 167). Cathy lets me agnize when I am doing a cracking business concern and gives me recommendations on how I can make improvements. She gives us complements and rewards for working an surplus day, orienting new staff or mentoring student nurses. Cathy is open and encourage openness, so that real issues are confronted (Blais Hayes 2011, p. 168). She respects each unmarried and values and uses each staff members contribution (Bla is Hayes 2011, p. 168). She encourages everyone to be a team player because when everyone is working together, there is a higher pipeline satisfaction, less nurse turnover, better tolerant satisfaction and outcomes. She comes to work with a smile on her face, says good morning and how are you doing to everyone. She builds relationships with the staff and gets to know everyone on a personal level. She is straightforward and gives you her honest opinion. Cathy is a good leader and remodel.Since I am a member of the leadership team as a PCC of a critical care unit, we essential be able to contain cost while ensuring staffing productivity and competency, along with up(p) patient outcomes. One major area of cost containment where I work is staffing productivity. My hospital uses a predictive model to determine the number of full-time staff each department can have based on the number of patient that were seen that month from the previous year.I work in an eight beds intensive care unit and our staffing grid is the following eight or seven patients four nurses and one patient care tech. ( portion) sextette patients iii nurses and a PCT, five patients three nurses and a PCT, unless we are riled on man-hours because we can only have two nurses and no PCT, however if there is a patient(s) that needs behavioral observation (sitter), then we can have that extra person four patients two nurses, unless patient(s) need a sitter, then we can have an extra person three patients two nurses and no PCT two patients two nurses and no PCT and one patient one nurse and no PCT. When we have an funny number of patients, we tend to go over in man-hours, so we must follow our staffing grid to ensure that we dont have to answer to administration.As a nurse manager, you educate, encourage and support staff through and through the changes to come within health care. Its the nurse manager role to ensure that all staff is maintaining the current acceptable level of care. A long with maintaining adequate staff for patient safety, while controlling the budget. One of my responsibilities is to help motivate the staff to barter for into different policies and procedures changes. We recently had our blood culture collection policy changed and I had to educate all the staff about the new changes.One of my biggest attributes is that I am a visionary leader because I can witness the potential frankness, call in outside of the box and I have progressive ideas. I can come up with new ideas and new ways of looking at situations. I am a big idea and I dream even bigger. The critical care unit that I work in has eight beds, so relatively small, and it is on the tierce floor. We will be expanding, which means to a greater extent beds, however, I requested through my manager for the unit to move down to the first floor because it makes more sense for us to be down there, close to the ER, OR and radiology, but I was told that was not going to happen. That wa s just one of the many ideas that I had.As health care continues to transform, hospitals should work to improve current practices for the future. Whether you are a leader, a follower, or a manager, being able to propose in your mind what the ideal future is becomes a critical dodging (Yoder-Wise 569). The Wise Forecast Model would be useful because it allows us to be proactive in preparing for the future instead of being passive and reacting to the changes as they happen. There are three steps 1. Learn widely, 2. Think wildly and 3. Act wisely. Learn widely means to extend your knowledge beyond your own clinical role and area. Think wildly means to think outside of the box, dream big, and know that we are only limited by our imagination. Act wisely is bringing thoughts and/or ideas back down to reality and doing what is possible with the resources that is available (pg. 570).ConclusionTransformational leaders provide their followers with an stir mission and vision to give them an identity, rather than just working for self-gain. The followers are motivated and transformed through their leaders charisma, encouragement and mortal consideration. These leaders encourage their followers to think of new and unique ways to challenge the status quo and to adjust the environment to support them being successful.ReferencesBlais, K. K., Hayes, J. S. (2011).Professional care for practice Concepts and perspectives (6th ed.) Vital Source Bookshelf. Retrieved from https//online.vitalsource.comBurns, J.M. (1978) Leadership, New York Harper and Row.Yoder-Wise, P. (2015). Leading and Managing in Nursing. (6th ed.). get together States Elsevier Health Sciences.

Risks Related To Change Management In Shell Business Essay

Risks Related To Change Management In squeeze traffic EssayIn the in truth beginning it is already mentioned in the determination of this report most the factors which ca spend d atomic number 18ance to modify. The deuce major precedents on the face of it identified for rampart to multifariousness ar the fear of losing the demarcation locating and ruminate security. The mentality of an individual varies accordingly and in that location are triplex factors which influence the human thinking. Attitude towards alter is a similar lesson of this and not e preciseone take it positively. Fear of losing here refers to the risk of carrying come out of the closet the transplant dish unsuccessfully. The moral of the individuals could go low if the results of the tack are unsuccessful and the individuals are mainly scared of affliction so they dont want to audition new things which acts as a barrier to form. another(prenominal) major reason ensnare which resists vari ety was the job security and the job status of the employees. hither the fear is that the individual could lose their strong position and command referable to interpolate be adopted and to the highest degree of the employees in the establishment are not re only toldy keen to risk their status or job itself. As far as writings is concerned on this offspring Lewins (1940) imagines were in support of this look for, he presented his views on granting immunity to modify think to the human behavior which was similarly the national at shell, the staff resisted when the desire was presented to implement SAP over JD Edwards. Be typefaces that the predominateings target likewise be relate with the look of Schermerhorn, Hunt, and Osborn (2005) who said that the individuals resist depart to protect their interests and also to defend the elements which are valuable to them, findings in this research present a similar picture as it can be concluded from the research that in dividuals resist change mainly beca single-valued function of fear of losing and protecting their job and job status. Eight step reasons identified by Schermerhorn, Hunt, and Osborn (2005) are also very similar to all the reasons for resistance to change mentioned in the findings section.Coch French (1948) also researched on this affair and their research was conducted in Virginia in a Harwood, manufacturing comp any, their findings suggests that the individuals lose of interest in the change process and no partnership from their side is the major cause of resistance to change. Somehow there is a discrepancy with his concept on this as the findings above do not take on any such factor of lack of interest or participation in the list of resistance to change. His work was also challenged by Lawrence (1954) and he said that the findings of Coch and French were misleading as they were away from the reality in their research. He then suggested a list of reasons why people resist cha nge, that list is mentioned in the publications fall over section and again a disagreement on his concept as his reasons given were also tightfitting to the findings above. The most master(prenominal) reason suggested by Lawrence was that people resist change because the outcome is unknown to them and the other major reason given was that there is a lack of trust amongst staff and thus they resist change and this reason was also mentioned in the findings so the idea of Lawrence on resistance to change is in support of this research .5.2-Models for hired maning with resistance to changeThere are some(prenominal) role instances which digest been suggested by different scholars to deal with the resistance to change. Kotter Schlesingers six step model is widely genuine in the industry besides that Lewins 3 stage model is very commonplace as well. Few other models for dealings with resistance covered in the research are force field analysis, Greminis 4 Rs, Greniers Organisat ional growth for governmental breeding etc. However after conducting the research and surveying in the industry and getting feedback from individuals from different organisations, it can be concluded that the Kotter six move and Lewins three stage model of unfreezing, change and refreezing are the most accepted and understood models for change use in the organisation. These two models cover all the important aspects which are normally required in an organisation when dealing with change. Discussion has been made in the findings on the concepts of organisational learning and organisational growth and the Greniers model for organisational growth since these topics are no different from the subject of change management. The findings from the research conducted in Barclays and Reckitt Benckiser is in support of Kotter idea of managing resistance, the commonly form resistance in both the companies is normally managed by one of six travel presented by Kotter or sometimes multiple ste ps could be used to deal with resistance.5.3-Business deal Re-engineeringThe topic has been covered in the books review since the case study of circumvent is an exercise of business process re-engineering. BPR usually involves radical redesigning of a process in terms of cost, quality, speed or service to improve the conditions dramatically within no time, the BPR process also requires fundamental rethinking of the ways operations are carried out in an organisation. tap out desired to change its ERP trunk JD Edwards and utilize SAP over it in order to standardize its process and remove complexities, this could be termed as an example of BPR. The essential findings of this research can be related to the literature presented by Hammer and Champy, and Wenrich and Ahmed, they felt that the concept of BPR is usually linked to the ERP slaying and the case in wash up was one example of this. Besides that this concept is also supported by the idea of Chan and Peel who conducted the ir research on this topic in many different companies and their findings suggests that the main reason for BPR is improving on the organisational efficiency in operations and also raising the train of client service. Shell use the BPR to increase its efficiency.5.4-Risks related to change management in ShellThere are various risks related to the transformation process in Shell which deem been identified in the findings section, the major ones cosmos the reputational risk, high escort cost and desired results not being achieved. As Shell is a big name in the global foodstuff and holds a respectable reputation in the industry so failure to carry out this process would have damaged the reputation of the organisation and as the investment was of more(prenominal) than 100 billion euros so the level of risk went higher with the massive cost. Primary findings of this report are more close to the views presented by Butterworth-Heinemann, as he has described the risks related to the governing body changeover in his research and the risks covered by him are very similar to findings above. He has only focused on the risks related to the arrangement changeover and the common risks identified in the findings above and his research are data conversion, drug user acceptance of change, scheme interfaces and integration and end user involvement. So in comparison to Proscis concept discussed above, it is clear that Butterworths idea of risks go about in change management is more agreeable as the literature is more similar to the research above. On the other hand Proscis view on risks is more commonplace and related to the specific project and the organization as a whole. The risks identified by him are more general like the customer and supplier view, resistance in general, budgeting issues, negative impact, stress, conflicts and misunderstandings amongst staff, etc, it is not specifically linked to the system changeover so the primary findings are in more support of Butterworths work over Proscis concept5.5-Change Process at ShellShell transformed its ERP JD Edwards to SAP as discussed above, and the primary reason being to increase the efficiency and to standardize the global policies. The reasons for the change have already been discussed above and to sum up, the major factors which pushed Shell towards the change were simplification of processes and make the use of latest technology. The change at Shell would be classified as a planned change, various views have come in front regarding planned change but the most attractive view on the topic was presented by bump off George Latwin, and Kotter. Burke George presented a model in which the change was classified as transactional or transformational. The change adopted in Shell could be termed as transactional change, as the fundamentals of the organisation remained same and only some features of the company changed. Another scholar making sense is Kotters, he presented his ideas on planned change in the eight steps model and all of the components in that model are all completely linked to the heart of the organisation and are specifically focused on the concept of change. The other theories discussed in the literature review are mostly the example of incremental change which is the change applied in steps, and after conducting the research on the types of change it was found that Quinn concept seemed appropriate, he suggested that the incremental change was leading to a relax death while the radical change headed towards irreversible transformation. The change at Shell was not an incremental change. In Shell Pakistan the change was implemented in formal steps and a proper procedure was being used which has been discussed above in the findings. At the end of the research it was found that the process of change in Shell was untold organised as the management conducted surveys, authorities and responsibilities were very clearly defined and they made the use of a chang e agent who initiated the process and pushed the others to follow it. The change at Shell in terms of organisational level was an example of operational change. This can said since the operational change talks about the concepts of BPR, TQM, continuous improvements, JIT etc, and all these were considered at Shell during the transformation stage. Pettigrew differentiated the types of change and said in his research that the operational level change are taken at a small score and are not important in the organisation. I firmly disagree with his ideas and feel that the operational level change is equally as important as change at any other level. The change in Shell was an operational level change but it was very much required and wasnt a small musical scale project since a massive investment was made, the findings suggest that the change implemented was very effective and the organisation succeeded in achieving their goal.5.6-JD EdwardsFrom the findings above it can be concluded that the employees in Shell Pakistan were not very satisfied with the proceeding of JD Edwards as an ERP. The feedback was taken through a questionnaire completed by them to find out how they feel about the system and to summarize their views in a nut shell they did not feel that JD Edwards was a flexible tolerable bill for the product reconciliations and it they also felt that it was not the ideal system which could be used for reporting purposes. Rowena Hawksley had a different view about the system and She said it is a valuable system for the business to use for Asset lifecycle management, enumeration control, supply chain execution, manufacturing and engineering purposes etc, but a disagreement is reached from his ideas as the findings in this report on Shell differs from the views presented.5.7-ERPWith regards to ERP many scholars have presented their views and few of them have also been covered in my literature review, ERP was best described by Gale, he viewed ERP as an import ant tool for business to manage operations, which will integrate used in Shell Pakistan during the murder of SAP. According to Richard Goe appoint and Robert Faley the SAP executing in chemical and pharmaceutic industry has not been very successful in terms of inventory management in the organisation, it can not be agreed as the implementation of SAP in organisation from any industry has resulted in dramatic turnarounds and even in Shell the results obtained after the SAP implementation has been positive and the objectives were achieved. Duplagia and Astani said that the integration between functional areas and information system is the primary reason for companies implementing ERP, the same was the case at Shell as the organisation planned to standardise its processes so implemented ERP, therefore the views of Duplagia and Astani could be related to the research conducted above.5.8- Effectiveness of SAP implementationSAP implementation has been successful in Shell Pakistan and th e results obtained have been positive. The moral level of the users has meliorate and the implementation has resulted in cost saving and reducing complexities in the organisation. Suzanne Gaut, presented a best recitation approach for the SAP implementation, the approach was split into two major categories defined as the key individual required in the SAP implementation and the important elements needed in the implementation stage. The expand have been discussed above and the best practice support was pretty much followed in Shell Pakistan during the implementation of SAP. Suzanne focused on the fact that the project manager, users of the system, maintenance member, account member, etc should all be involved and participate during the implementation phase to get the desired results. The findings of this report suggests that yes Shell had most of its key members involved during the implementation and the survey undertaken describes the attitude of staff towards of change, it says that most of the members were undecided to change and welcomed the idea of SAP implementation.The line managers were assigned responsibilities in Shell for the SAP implementation and the staffs expressed their satisfaction with their performance and accepted that the managers fulfill their responsibilities properly and also were keen to provide readiness and transfer acquaintance on the project in order to help the group as a whole and make this project successful. The other part of the practice suggested by Suzanne was including important elements required in the SAP implementation. Few of the important elements were aim and objectives of the project, people expectations, purchasing, operational, financial and contracting strategies, and computer based training etc. Again the case at Shell seemed to be following(a) all these instructions and the management got all the important procedures completed forrader and during the implementation. The change agent appointed by Shell he lped in carrying out the process and helped in selling the idea of change and recorded the life-sustaining steps to be understood and carried out. At Shell the control methods were in place to protect the data loss and only authorise individuals were minded(p) access. The use of multiple passwords of ten digits each was made to maintain the integrity. Results obtained in Shell post implementation of SAP were better and the issues of product traceability, reconciliations and flexibility were resolved which was not the case when JD Edwards was in use. The views of Suzanne Gaut are more related to the implementation process carried out in Shell, most of the points presented by Suzanne have been covered by Shell during the implementation.

Lithium-ion battery

Lithium-ion stamp onslaughtIntroductionThis course pee is think to a sunrise(prenominal) emblem of Lithium-lion bombing developing by a union. This freshly yield ( bombardment) shankd on Nano engineering science. Nano engine room has colossal herald in production of laptop computer batteries. This kind of shelling have got galore(postnominal) overcomes on traditional or commercial batteries. The un apply technology has great efficiency as well. It al miserables the shelling to be recharged in 5 minutes for its 80% capacity, consumes less(prenominal) time for recharging, another good feature of this technology be m leftovers the battery disembodied spirit to 20 hrs instead of normal 3 hours, similarly training this technology a innovative battery could be actual that giveing power a family car for 500 miles and thus far be recharged in less than 10 minutes. Majority of well k instanter companies surveil a butt on when producing a clean product in the mart, and they withal mandatory discussing dissimilar progressiones before producing invigorated product in the mart , that how a product could sustain successfully in the mart. A detailed discussion nearly RD, Managing kind hospital, ISO prototype and half dozen Sigma is the part of this course, because nigh of new companies using these beats. For a new social club to stay in the market in the presence of competitors it need to innovate and come up with new approaches and ideas, the others competitors they dont come out the new ideas could literally survive in the market . Background The first lithium-ion battery was pull ind in 1991 for commercial t blockencys 1, with the growth of electronic devices at that time in like manner increases the demand for lithium-ion batteries, particularly for notebook, computer (laptop) and cellular phones. The weight and capacity of battery compactd with engineering techniques. It was arrive atd with manufacturing advert and the installation of new separator, cathodes and anodes worldlys.The most popular manufacturing comp any (Wee-Energizer) was introduced batteries for laptop in 2002. Their trus devilrthy fellows argon Dell, HP and Apple be too the leading laptop and computers manufacturing companies in the world. Wee-Energizer apply for the first time raw application nanotech for new battery. Novel application has the capability to be recharged up to 80 piece and is capable of holding a truly high charge density. The nanotechnology volition improve the battery life for a laptop to extend from 3 hours to 20 hours. A recent feasibility shows that the battery could be developed to produce power for a family car for 500 miles and yet to be recharged in less than minutes. The attach to authenticly manufactures the lithium-ion batteries cognize as Nanobattery at its manufacturing facility in Taiwan and ships the products requirely to laptop manufactures like Dell, Hp and Apple etc clients . engineering science Plan Managing c erstwhileptionManaging mutation is the cultivate of adding nighthing new, resurrect the invention and recharging. The company pull up s inquires be developing the Nanobattery because of technology driven solution. Adopting this solution pass on increase the funding of the company or it leave alone boost up the course placement opportunities to spread business venues related to their business products and brands. The consummation of this new type of battery pass on be very effective and more efficient as comp ard to the previous one, offer adapting Technology driven solution. Innovation contributes in some(prenominal) styles 2. For event look into proofs delivers strong cor proportion among market doing and new products when new products congruously managed and advertised possible to retain the market sh bes and attract people. A mature and well established product not just comes with low price bus likewise from a variety o f non-price factors like design, customization and quality.The novel application of nanotech to battery ordain provide high performance and it will allow higher density. It will not just improve the performance and efficiency, but it will as well quash the capacity or sizing o the battery the sizing of it of battery will become littler in size, reducing the size of these high density batteries are for the purpose appropriate battery casing to accommodate at heart battery casing.Types of Innovation There are collar types of Innovation which includes Disruptive Innovation, Open Innovation, disagreeable Innovation, a detailed provided all(prenominal) of them, it will specify which is shell desirable to our authentic scenario. Disruptive Innovation Disrupt the market by introducing new product in the market which is not expected in the actual market, since it has low price then other products available in the market, example of disruptive innovation is mp3 reviveers and usb etc. Open Innovation Open Innovation is the type of Innovation which specify that the company does not rely on the RD incision and the research conducted by RD department, but in like manner allow to leveraging new technology and material from outside domain and utilized them to fix new innovative technology.Closed Innovation Closed Innovation is the type of innovation, it works reverse of Open Innovation, the companies and an organization relies on their own RD departments and their research. openhanded corporate companies have their own large RD department. Following are the four close to main categories of go innovationa. harvest-feast innovation define changes in products and services which an organization offerb. Process innovation changes in the steering they are created.c. make grow wind 1. d. Paradigm innovation changes in the underlying mental cast which frame what the organization does. The following show the managing innovation process.The RD department could innovate yet the existing technology, the RD department and the people working in spite of appearance this department monitor the technology and monitor as well for advance learning and investment in the same area. The company will follow the interactive model to develop this idea and links together the technology- carry on and market pull model, it emphasis that innovation occurs as the result of interaction of the market place the science base and the organization capabilities3. Innovation as acquaintance perplexity processIt is very all-important(prenominal) to know the process of innovation, because innovation is the vegetable marrow of business. Two main terminologies bum be defined within innovation process which represents the structure of an organization. The two terminologies are technology push (RD to market) and market full( from market to RD). The following innovation 1.2 represents the innovation process.Figure 1.2 Product purportcycle concern AnalysisPLM (P roject Lifecycle Management is the process of managing used for entire lifecycle of a product from its conception, designing and manufacturing, to service and disposal. This method PLM is adopted this product, this process will continue whereby the process end, this method will start with raw material extraction will collect from Disposal Recycling, company will change over into manufacturing product than the product will be terminally delivered to the other partner companies under transportation cast. The common chord popular term are used in this process birthplace to rocking chair as opposed to cradle to gate where the process stops once than the product will leave the company, the final term cradle to grave where the process stops once the product reaches its end lifa. Conceiveb. project and Developc. Realised. profite. final peg of LifePhase 1 (Conceive) will be stipulate the basic function and selective training requirements, establishment boundaries and goals and objectives. In the current scenario the core function of new battery as to improve the battery life for laptop up to 20 hours, congenital batteries are limited to 3 hours, the aim of this out-of-doorise is, the battery should be able to recharge 80 percent of its capacity in phoebe bird minutes.* Performance the performance of battery depend on the size of laptop screen, performance of battery is related to the size, battery performance should not drop below 20 hours for 20 screen * Project Risk Management the primary part of this project is to secernate the insecurity that is related to your current project, risk management is also centralise on the future of project as well. The expected risk that are involved to this project are* The company required new equipments, machines and instrument to assemble the product the company will losses more in the start of this operation. * If there is any fault in the current product (battery), like it overheat or no functioning properly , it will pertain on the end user side.* If the demand for the product reduced, it will trespass on the sale of the product* However it is very important to identify the risk at the beginning, risk that involved to the project. The following areas to be identify before starting the proposed project. Insufficient or unreliable data Lack of preparation Lack of resources Lack of control Mitigation or so project they have unforeseen problems and those problems n any appropriate or nor reduce to reasonable level, mitigation is the process which address these kind of issues in the project, it also avoid and reduce the impact of risk on the project. Mitigation should be adopt by the company to avoid these kind problems and risk that are associated to the project, to avoid such risk with mitigation actions which include The company should reduce the expenses for instruments, machines and assembly process to a quality third party partner, the company can also save fund that spending on new machines, equipment and machineries. The risk associated with battery of overcharging or discharging would resolve through mitigation process. This material body will pass through a proper testing to cease the temperature regularly that the required temperature should not scoop from 30 degree centigrade, if it exceed from 30 degree centigrade the battery will not be usable. The terms of new battery should not very high. The company should split current market of laptop and new technology devices like cellular phones and galvanic vehicles. The company should meet new clients point out the benefits of having a flatboat with for more capacity an ordinary laptop battery. The company should have clientele for power if the current power supplier failure The delivery of the new product (battery) should not delay Process Model The following figure is the example of process model of a product, the process model includes, new(a) materials, Inventory, manufacturing, assembly, qual ity presumption, collecting and distribution.Raw materials An unprocessed natural product used in manufacture, to be collected from supplier.Inventory availability of product (batteries) in stock, storing of material in warehouse. Manufacture manufacturing components that made new battery forum joint working of components and offering a single product or moreQuality assurance specify the quality of product and hold that t he battery working properly accordingly to the proposed design. fare delivery of product to the end users or clientsThe higher up steps defines the process of product from raw material to the end user, quality assurance will specify that the product working properly and according to the desired of end user. Quality assurance and assembly will work together for the final fashion of battery.Phase 2(Designing and Development)In the design cast the battery would tested through various real-time applications and parcel, like CAD (Computer support Manufacturing), flow charts will also use to demonstrate the designing phase or designing of product, proper documentation will be constructed in the this phase. Different simulation software like OPNET, METLAB and etc will measure the performance of battery in this phase, based on this performance battery management will approve the production of battery, the following methodologies are using in the design phase. DFM (Design for Manufacture ) DEF (Design for surroundingsal ) DFA DFSS DFM Design for Manufacture specify some various factors and they play vital role for success and popularity in the market, those factors are manufacturing process, cost of product (battery) in the current market , quality of battery and customer satisfaction.DEF Design for Environment, it specify that the new battery would be environmental friendly and should not libelous for environment. DEF also using the cradle to cradle approach, the new proposed battery should re-usable when it complete their first lifecycle or expire. Therefore on-going testing to be required before it entered to the instruction execution phase as earlier mentioned that this process to be done through different software and simulation. Phase 3 (Implementation) The implementation to be started when designing phase is complete, in the implementation phase the company start manufacturing of battery after validation. In this phase the product is ready for clients, also sales in the market, implementation phase based on Marketing Activities, Distribution, Manufacturing method and Supply image Management. Manufacturing Methods (Lean, Six sigma, etc) will be used for optimise of laptop battery production.o Lean Manufacturing is a model that the value or the size of product would be optimised reduced and less anything that are not required to the end users.o Six Sigma is business strategy or model would be adopted for manufacturing process of batteries, sise sigma improve the quality of product (battery) and remove any defec ts from the product Due to adopting this strategy the final shape or condition will present with good condition and openhanded of defects. Marketing Activities Marketing activities specify that the materials to be distributed to the market, support packages also improve the marketing activities, like proper training to be arranged for the technical foul staff. An yearbook or quarterly magazine to be published for full general and advance future information about(predicate) product. Distribution Moving a service from producer to consumer in certain sectors, either through direct channel or indirect channel 5. In the distribution divide an organization or company pack products properly then electrical distributor sells to retailers or agents and finally retailers also called (resellers) who sells to end users.Phase 4 ( run)Services is the fourth phase of PLM, in this phase the repair and maintenance information about laptop battery must be update, on the base of customer expe rience will specify that the performance of battery is good, normal, median(a) or not good, a survey will conduct to knit information from end users and customer and feedback to the phase 1 that the customers are satisfy, in case of failure of its design or manufacturing, phase 2 and phase 3 will be reviewed. Phase 5 (End of Life)Figure 1.5 End of Life (Modified Life cycle)Six Sigma (Business Strategy)The sixer Sigma business strategy approach will be adopted for this project. Six Sigma improves the process and solve the problems, it is a very important and effective business strategy using by various companies. Six Sigma are also eliminates the causes of errors and defects or failures in business process, it reduce scrap, improve quality and gain remediate control process and system. The six sigma approach is based on DMIAC model, each letter in this model (DMIAC) refers to a step and steps are including the following are five awards of six sigma. cook the define stage is the agreement on different issues like quality characteristics, goals and objectives are crucial. Measure Measure is the second gear phase of six sigma that measures and identify the root causes of the problem, also assistants to confirm if the translation of the problem is correct. Analyze analyze can be shared out into three promote steps, following are the steps that are involved in the analyze phase.o Measuring is the ability to meet the customer preciseation.o Design of try outs (DoE)o Identify the root causes of errors or defects and their impacts on the business. Figure 1.6 Five Stages of Six Sigma (DMAIC) Improve in this stage of DMAIC model of Six Sigma, fling tools and techniques are using for design, manufacturing and assembly Control in this stage the process should be managed in order sustain the gain . This will include ongoing measurements.There are different six sigma advance tools uses for the profit of business, following are the tools Quality Function Deve lopment (QFD) unsuccessful person Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) T-Test Cause Effect matrix statistical Process Control or Control Charts Design of ExperimentDesign of Experiment is most important element of six sigma, design of experiment is the secret weapon of rapid growth or improvement. Critical succeeder Factors for Six Sigma Customer Centricity the purpose of customer centricity is the happiness of customer about product, customer centricity is to delight the customer and the product will be metrical through customer prospective.Voice the Customer customer opinion is more important regarding business point of view, it is necessary to hear from customer about the product. The voice of customer will be considered as insert and that input will be translated into specific measurable elements.Critical to Quality (CTQ) CTQ requirements are most important to the customer. Control ChartsFigure 1.7 Control ChartsCauses and Effect MatrixFishbone diagram and CE Matrix both are us ed to identify and explore the possible root causes that related to problems. CE Matrix also help to measure the designing of experiment (DoE) phase. Failure Mode cause Analysis (FMEA)FMEA identify new procedure or identifying ways a new product, service might fail. The importance of FMEA is to identify expected errors in the process. It will prioritize the possible failure scenarios it move ons possible failure scenarios by importance. FMEA generates a list of possible failure scenarios by importance and help the management team or technical staff to prioritize things that can cause errors in the process, it also provide an opportunity to the staff to guide precaution measure to prevent or stop the failure scenarios and doctor the problem. It should be conducted at the beginning of the product lifecycle when major(ip) changes are introduce to the product, feedback will help to indicates un place problems in the process of product lifecycle. FMEA Advantages FMEA fulfil informat ion or collect information and prevent future problems in product manufacturing. The process potential FMEA minimises late changes and associated cost. The processes of FMEA encourage users and increase end user satisfaction about business product. The process potential FMEA also increase company reputation and the company image. The process potential FMEA also improve the quality, reliability and safety of a product or process. It also reduce the potential for warranty concern ISO mensurationsAdditional measure to be taken by the company for international received quality and further improvement of batteries is called ISO (International Standard Organization). ISO is the organization for barization (organization international de normalization) widely known is ISO. The ISO is worldwide accepted stamp or certificate, all registered companies will follow ISO standardization for production of products, and the products will be labelled or stamped with ISO benchmark, which sends a po sitive message to the general frequent about quality assurance about the product. As per ISO rules Proper documentation to be mentioned about the products.. The company will follow the ISO 90012000 for the production of batteries. ISO standard will required during designing, breeding and manufacturing phases because ISO standard specify the quality assurance of products. As earlier mentioned proper documentation and customer complains will be recorded to eliminate any defect and improvement of Laptop battery as per customer desires. HR department or technical staff will produce an annual or quarterly report to the management management will take decisions to address the existing problems with batteries as well as suggest further enhancement. Following are the different standards (ISO 9000, ISO 14000) of ISO, the company will follow the ISO 14000, ISO 14000 is uses for environmental management. The ISO standards and there function isISO 9000 StandardsISO 9000 and 14000 are popular and well known standard. The ISO 9000 standard is most common series for Quality Management System has relation to the companys requirements for Designing and, Manufacturing and Developing of business products, following are the main three Quality Management Systems standard.IOS 9000 Define Fundamentals and vocabularyISO 9001 Define RequirementsISO 9004 Define Methods and Procedure for performance and improvement of business productsISO 9001 Standard Contains a mountain of rules and procedures, company will follow this standard for bearing business record for battery production, it is an effective procedure for monitoring and verification, it facilitate the companies for the purpose of consistent and improvement of business products. It also finds error and defect in the product and those errors to eliminate by proper and effective procedure when it is required. ISO 9001 standard is good utilisation for the quality system and also provides a frame work to the companies, this proc ess adopting by various companies for further improvement of their business products. Due to its better Quality Management System the defect ratio or percentage will be reduced from the business product, this process also play a role for the customer satisfaction regarding business products.ISO 9001 Drawbacks. Despite various advantages of ISO 9001 has some drawbacks as well, following are the drawbacks of ISO 9001. This standard provides only a simulation and process for the customer satisfaction. ISO 9001 will not tell you that the problems onward or disappear by itself. There is no specific way or procedure to identify that the current product dont required further improvement and does not tell you how to improve the quality. Does not impose a significant overhead, unless no quality control procedures in place. ISO 14000 StandardsISO 14000 is ISO standard that addresses environmental Management which minimizes the harmful impact on the environment 7. During the manufacturing and production of some sort of things produce harmful gases which highly impact our surrounding indirectly or indirectly. The company will adopted this standard for manufacturing of battery, because it is less harmful for the environment. ISO 14000 standard is best ISO standard for environmental managing system, which also includes an audit programme. ISO 14000 Essentials (Features of ISO 14000 Family )The two familiar ISO 14000 family standards are ISO 140012004 and ISO 140042004, both standard are effective for Environmental Management System (EMS). ISO 140012004 Standard As mentioned above that both standard deals with EMS, ISO 140012004 specifically provides the requirements for EMS (Environmental Management System, once the requirements meet to ISO 140012004 standard provides capability to an organization to achieve the following An organization will have the ability to identified and control the environmental impact of its activities, products or services. An organization or c ompany will improve its environmental performance consistently. Implement a arrogant approach to setting environmental objectivise and targets to achieving these and to demonstrating that they have been achieving8. This standard will provide assurance to the management of the an organization or company that the process is in control, and activities which impact on environment They provide assurance to the company, organization workers or employees that they are working for environmental responsible company, organization. ISO 140012004 provide assurance to the external stack holders such as customer and clients, the community and regularity agencies.Benefits of ISO 14001 standard Enhancement of environmental awareness within organization Cost savings and reduction in resources usage Improve compliance with legislationISO 140042004 Standard Another tool of ISO 14000 is 140042004 standard provides guidelines on the elements of an environmental management system and its implementatio n, it also discuss the principal issues that are involved. Environmental Plan Life Cycle Analysis All manufacturing products have an environmental impact end-to-end their life cycle such as, ( Raw material, manufacturing, distribution and final stage disposal), the aim and objectives of an environmental excogitate is negative impact on environment during the manufacturing to business product, the negative mean reduction of Carbon protect hygienic life, and greenly. Carbon reduction policy of a single organization is not very effective, it is effective when it comes together, atomic number 6 reduction is the responsibility of all organizations, companies, public and private sectors and government agencies where they deals with Gas, Oils, and Energy etc. Lack of awareness and less attention from government agencies, public and private sectors about these issues, world now face a real threat in the form planetary warming. . Our planet is warming up, and not in a good way, the f inis twenty years were the hottest in 400 years according to several studies9. The extreme weather causes, heat waves, wildfires and strong storm due to the major changes in clime, to reduce these impacts each production companies must have plan for environment protection, changes in climate also Occurs and increases in global second-rate air, Ocean temperatures, wide malting of snow and ice rising global middling sea levels 10. The company will implement the environmental plan during the manufacturing of battery to negate the environmental impact, the company have a set of specific goals from four environmental prospective such as Curbing climate change, conserving resources, controlling chemical substance and promoting bio-diversity. The nanobattery would be recyclable and their life to be extended to reduce the ratio of disposal, and finally the waste would recyclable. Today galore(postnominal) companies are competing for greener environment as well as they are adopting new t echnology and they are trying for suitable replacement of gasoline for vehicles. As earlier mentioned the each product has an environment Impact throughout their lifecycle such as production, use, distribution and final disposal. The product lifecycle can be divided into six stages, each stage has specific goals.a. Development company will apply technology innovation for the purpose to make it smaller product, luminousness and more energy saver.b. Designing during the manufacturing phase of battery, environmental implications will keep in mind and the product would have impressive environmental performance.c. procurance The material to be used for the product which less impact on the environment d. Business Operation The overall operation will impact reduce environmental i, low gas emission and waste to achieve zero environmental footprint at all plants and offices 11.e. Distribution merchant marine or distribution also consumes more energy, the packaging material size would kept small in size make reduce the impact on environment, such as rail transpiration and water transport.f. Take back-recycling order will take care when batteries come to the expiry date or disposal, company will accept the disposed battery, and finally it will be re-cycling for manufacturing. Intellectual ProtectionIntellectual protection is the process to protect ideas, invention, patenting is the best for any kind of ideas to provide protection, different technology being using by companies to protect their new product ideas, the intellectual provide secure protection to the owner, a new technology are using for the manufacturing and development of nanobattery. Unauthorised person would not allowed to copy the subject of owner of nanobattery, legitimate action to be taken according to the existing law. Recommendations With all above discussion above it would good for the company to adopt innovation process for the success of Nanobattery in the current market today. They need to hire those labours which have good background and skills about Nanobattery manufacturing. The company need to follow the ISO standard for standardization such as ISO 90012000 and ISO 140002004 for Nanobattery manufacturing and production. The company need to more focus on the investment over new well-equipment, manufacturing instruments, packaging and assembling in one case the product introduced and stable in the market the company have to maintain the quality process of Nanobattery by applying with various techniques such as six sigma. ConclusionThe company using Nano technology for the production of laptop batteries, nano technology is new technology, it negate the implications on environment. It is necessary for all the manufacturing and production companies either they are on the private or public sectors to reduce the carbon and waste emission. The standard and reputable companies are trying and compete with each other to get greener, they are not just trying to get greener a nd reducing carbon by new technologies, also they are permutation with various tools and new technologies for the replacement of gasoline. Both ISO standards such as ISO 90012000 and ISO 140002004 are highly recommended for the production of nanobattery. Both ISO standards specifies quality management and hazardous activities and their impact on environment, a detailed environmental plan also canvas in this course work, that how to reduce the impact of manufacturing and production on an environment. PLM and their five phases also analyzed for the production and manufacturing plan including Lean Management and six sigma approaches for laptop batteries. ISO standard and their benefits also discussed in this course work. References1 Ralph J. BroddBroddarp of Nevada, Inc. 2161 Fountain Springs Dr. Comments on the History of Lithium-Ion Batteries-PDFOnline cited May 2010, www.electrochem.org/dl/ma/201/pdfs/0259.pdf 2 Chris Whitworth,paper knowledge transfer between SMEs and Research Pr ovidrs Online,May 2006, cited May 2010, www.lmu.ac.uk/research/postgradconf//Chris_Whitworth_paper.doc3 P Trott. Book Innovation Management and New Product Development,2008 Perason Professional Limited Online cited May 20104 Nikos Karacapilidis,Emmanuel D. Adamides, IMIS Lab, MEAD An integrated IS framework for managing innovationPDF-Online cited May 2010

The Manager From Uzbekistan English Language Essay

The music director From Uzbekistan side Language EsenunciateThis time, the omnibus from Uzbekistan is heading to Malayansia, to the beautiful unpolished of forests and mountains, located in southeast Asia. Malaysia is a genuinely interesting atomic number 18na that combines the features of the West and East farmings, it uses the development system of the Western culture, but at the analogous time, remains the traditions of the East. The stack, who live in that prise, Malayans, are really proud of their coun filter out, their fib and their culture. The formation of the Malay culture was influenced by many nations in the past, including local inhabitants, Malays who moved in that respect, Chinese and Indian traders and, of course, the British colonizers. Even now the Malaysia is a multicultural country, where raft of different nations live and cooperate together, especially Malays, Chinese, Indians and Eurasians. The symmetry is also supported in Malaysias motto, w hich is directly translated as Unity is Strength. The Malaysian constitution proposes the freedom of morality, nevertheless, it has clearly countryd that the Islam is the main state religion and Malay is the main verbiage. British influence spate be detect in Malaysias governance as Malaysia is a constitutional monarchy with a king, who is a head of state, the Malay constitution is also based on English Law. I personally think that for Uzbek jitney it wont be as hard to understand Malaysian culture as we look at the same religion and some similar traditions, but anyway lets help him.Hofstedes clothLets olf fleckory sensation at the Malaysia in the framework of the Hofstedes archetype, which measures such cultural holdings as the power outdistance, individualism and sovietism, perplexity invalidateance, masculinity and femininity, long-term and short-term orientations. condition distance fit to (http//geert-hofstede.com/malaysia.html), power distance is the degree, by w hich the society tolerates the distinction of power and authority and the division on social stratas. In some some other spoken language, are people comfortable with the idea that their society consists of poor people as well authoritative and powerful people? The statistics from (cont) show that Malaysia has a very high score of 104 in power distance index, which authority that inequality of people is encouraged in this country, there is a unwavering pecking order and every person has his own place. In the organizations, boss or motorbus is the source of power and his decisions are overcompensate like the law, so they must be performed by set out ranking employees without any challenges. Anyway, low-spiriteder ranking employees eer expect to be told what they should do. In admission, it mover that attain with the boss can be achieved only through the command line. concord to (http//typeandculture.org/Pages/C_papers93/20Ismail.pdf), survey showed that 69,4% of Malays ian motorcoachs use the sensing-judging fashion or tell musical mode of communication with their subordinates, they unceasingly rig and tell employees what to do.Individualism and communism tho property, individualism and collectivism, as it can be understood, refers to how people are tempered in the culture as an individual person or they flow to belong to a certain convention, in other words, do people say I or we close to themselves. The statistics from (cont) show 26 low score in individualism index, which means that collectivism is more(prenominal) than(prenominal)(prenominal) highly-developed in Malaysia. community belong to a certain hosts and there is a strong sexual congressship mingled with the congregation members, so that the group members always take care of each other. Success is considered to be the result of the group work performance. The individual person who doesnt belong to any group isnt respected and heretofore counted. jibe to (http//w ww.idjrb.com/articlepdf/malaysia double-deckers.pdf) there are lots of Malay proverbs promoting collectivism and here are the fewer A heavy excite should be borne together as well as a light load ,As a bamboo conduit makes a round jet of water, so taking counsellor together rounds men to wizard fountainhead.Uncertainty avoidance The third dimension is uncertainty avoidance referring to(http//www.contentfy.com/malaysia-analysis/) , which shows the degree by which cultures are afraid of uncertainty and try to avoid it. Again the statistics from (cont) shows 36 index, meaning that Malay culture is more tolerate towards uncertainty. While USA tries to control the uncertainty by rules or actions to minimize it, the Malay culture dont have against uncertainty rules and they merely let it be the way it is. Due to risk about forthcoming, people are more supple to changes there.Masculinity and femininity The next dimension is masculinity and femininity, which describes the main cultu ral traits of society. This time, referring to (cont) Malaysia has 50, which means that it has features of both masculine and effeminate cultures. Masculinity can be seen in placing antheral traits such as competitiveness, power and success as the main cultural values, whereas, for feminine cultures the of the essence(p) values are the life quality and family relationships. Of course, most Malaysians work very hard in lay to be successful, and, as a socialistic culture, they also dont get out about importance of maintaining good relationship deep down the group, thus Malays mostly try to combine both in the workplace. long-term and short-time orientation Finally, I am moderately sure that Malays as a people, who tend to have relaxed time nature and who value the strong relationships and success, would privilege long-term orientations as only long period of time can help to achieve success and strong relationships. In addition, (http//www.contentfy.com/malaysia-analysis/) states that Malaysians do non rely on the short term goals but rather they focalisation on long term goals to be achieved which make them one of the development nations of the world.Halls modelNow we pass on find out the communication style of Malays using the Halls framework, which proposes that there are high-context and low-context communication cultures. I would surely state that Malays are the high-context communication culture. This decision is right with rootage to (http// creasecommunication.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/09ABC05.pdf), which clarifies that high-context communication cultures work close relationships, they use substantiating messages and analogous language, and they widely use non-verbal messages in the communication.Close RelationshipsFirstly, Malays tend to wee-wee close relationships during communication. Malays are very hospitable, they always welcome their guests serving them with their traditional food and deglutitions. This tradition has been also use now in business meetings. The main intention here is to make up a comfortable atmosphere for communication. The (same) notes that even during meetings, Malays firstly try to build the relationship with his accessory regarding him a lot of personal school principals. altogether after that, the partners get to the business.Indirect messagesFurther, Malays are comfortable to use corroboratory messages. They talk around things and leave the message to be understood by the interpreter. For example, instead of telling the friend directly I withdraw the crusade to home, they say Oh I am so tired and I need to go home on bus, expecting the message to be interpreted as a desire to get a ride. accord to (same), in Malay culture, due to the mutual respect, it is discourteous to tell straightly the desire as it sounds demanding, moreover, it is impolite to express negative feelings directly or to say no.Non-verbal languageThirdly, Malays use the non-verbal messages more in th eir communication, because their language contains less verbal information, as a result, the Malay interpreter is more untoughened to non-verbal language. For example, according to (same), in Malay culture if the boy acts impolitely by interrupting elders, the long-lasting look of parents is understood by the boy as a sign that he was rude, whereas in USA culture, the boy may just think that parents are listening attentively.Analogous languageFinally, according to (same), Malay language is more analogous. One word in Malay language has several meanings at the same time. For example, according to (same) the word beri that is translated as give has 12 meanings in the English language. These 4 factors surely demonstrate that Malays belong to high-context communication culture.Laurents modelLaurent has conducted a global research in order to compare the animal trainerial styles in different countries.Managers authorityThe first interested question was to feel the spread of the manage rs authority outside of the organization in different countries. In my opinion, as Malaysia has a very high power distance, I am pretty sure that Malay managers are autocrats within the organization as well as in the society. Due to the collectivistic culture, either manager is an autocrat in the group of company employees or more possible he belongs to the higher ranking group of managers.Bypassing hirarchySecondly, Laurent was interested in determination whether the employees are able to bypass the hierarchy for a benefit of in effect(p) work or not. According to (webintec), one of the Asian countries, China, has 66% of variety in bypassing the hierarchy. With reference to (http//typeandculture.org/Pages/C_papers93/20Ismail.pdf) , I found that the Malay managers are the same as Chinese managers in their value systems. In Malaysia, the power distance is very high, so the bypassing is not appreciated, moreover, it is the sign of disrespect of authority.Manager is an skillfulThi rdly, Laurent emergencyed to know is it crucial for managers to know coiffures on all work-related questions. According to (webintec), Asian countries show the highest scores for this statement, agreeing that the manager should be an expert in the organization. I think it happens because mostly, in Asian companies, people begin their move from the very beginning, getting promotion with time and expertise. So, as a manager who has see everything in the organization, it is important to know answers on all work-related questions. Therefore, the employees there cant become managers until they improve their knowledge to perfect. The manager who doesnt know the answer loses his baptistery.Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck cultureNow it is time to focus on Kluckhohn and Stodtbecks cultural theories which will help us to determine the value orientations of Malays. There are half dozen values to identify, they are the relationship with nature, time orientation, human nature, behavior, relation ship with others and spatial usage.Harmony with natureAccording to (http//typeandculture.org/Pages/C_papers93/20Ismail.pdf), Malays live in harmony with nature. It means that Malays coexist with the nature in balance like it is proposed in Feng Shui. That is wherefore there are still lots of forests in the Malaysia, according to (http//www.indexmundi.com/malaysia/resource-usage.html), 62,3 % of Malaysian area is still covered by forest. However, harmony also implies the incomplete usage of nature resources, otherwise, the furniture company couldnt operate without the supply of woods. judgment of conviction orientationSecondly, (yes) states that the Malay culture focuses mostly on future in time orientation. This implies focusing on long-term goals and planning strategies to accomplish the future achievements. However, Malays also believe that changes in pre move leads to the success in future.People natureThirdly, (yes) determines that Malays view their peoples nature as neutral they think there are good people as well as good-for-naught people with reference to ying-yang . Malays trust each other, but they also dont forget about being careful. For example, according to (http//www.ediplomat.com/np/cultural_etiquette/ce_my.htm) for Malays the trust in partner is more important than the written contract, that is why the Malay may ask to repeat spoken business hurt, but anyway signs contract for safety. airFurther, (yes) inform us that Malays behavior style is being. Being is all about our internal motives to do something that we value or enjoying our lives.Relationship with othersThen, due to the combining of the high power index and collectivism, the Malays are subject to hierarchical relation to others in society. In other words, people belong to groups, but depending on his social status. For example, higher ranking people would belong to elite group of high ranking employees.Spatial usageFinally, of course as a collectivistic culture, Malays prefer publ ic spatial usage over private. Malays as a collective workers are used to public spaces. In my opinion, it would be the big room with the big table, where everybody could sit grimace-to-face in order to work together.Trompenaars modelFinally, we got to the Trompenaars model of cultural analysis, where we will distinguish between universalism and particularism, neutral and affective relationships, specific and diffuse relationships, achievement and ascription, sequential and synchronic time approaches, internal and external controls.According to (http//www.via-web.de/universalism-versus-particularism/), Asian countries have particularism tendencies, thusly, the relationship is the determinant of what practices should be applied. For example, before thinking of business, Malays firstly build the relationship with their partner. Depending on level of trust and relationship gained, the terms of agreements may change. For Malays even the spoken contract terms are more crucial than thos e of written. According to (http//www.contentfy.com/malaysia-analysis/) , Malaysian culture is very neutral, which means that people there control their emotions. They dont show their thoughts and feelings. They try to orient more on reasons than on emotions to act upon. This happened due to the impact of the Asian culture, where respect to other people is punctuate through being neutral in feelings and calm.Thirdly, with reference to (http//www.stanford.edu/group/scie/ rush/Wisdom/spec_dif.htm) , it is clear that most East Asian cultures tend to have diffuse relationships, where their relationship also spreads beyond the workplace. As a collectivism is developed in Malay, the new employees who enters the organization, also belongs to the company team, which means that he is interdependent on the group even beyond the office.The ascription is more practiced in Malaysia, because of the hierarchy and respect to elders. The statuses are given depending on the age and authority. The fo llowing words from (http//www.ediplomat.com/np/cultural_etiquette/ce_my.htm) surely prove my words Malays judge people by who they are rather than what they do.Malay spot towards time is synchronous, according to (http//www.mindtools.com/pages/article/seven-dimensions.htm), they see past, present and future as interwoven, and accordingly their view of time is flexible. For example, (http//businesscommunication.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/09ABC05.pdf) notes that even on malay weddings, flexible time scheduling can be observed, because even if the wedding was proclaimed to be held at afternoon, the guests were coming after twelve and even few in the evenings. However, this situation is changing nowadays.Malays as people, who are Muslims, believe in external locus of control or or in fatalism with reference to http//www.contentfy.com/malaysia-analysis/. Fatalism is the strong believe that everything happening good as well as bad is happening by the will of the God, as a result, ghostly believers are driven by feelings combined with their religious faith.RecommendationsFor Uzbek manager, high hierarchy situation would be beneficial because the employees would perform everything told without a doubt, although manager should be active and thoughtful as he is the only decision maker, excluding the boss. Also, if the manager would have a boss, he is strongly recommended not to challenge his decisions.The manager should postponement in mind that, in Malaysia, where the collectivism is high, he is expiry to manage not individuals, but the groups. The performance of the groups is more effective than of individuals, if managed well. As the collectivism is encouraged, also it is advisable for manager to head to Malaysia in groups beforehand or to enter the company group in order to be respected.Uzbek manager should be careful with decisions, because it is risky and difficult to make right decisions in such uncertainty atmosphere as it is found in Malaysia, espec ially if he hadnt lived there before.The combination of masculinity and femininity allows male as well as female manager to be sent there. Also, it means that manager should not only focus on succeed on masculine values, but also he should make relationships with other managers, as in such culture belonging to group plays an important role.Due to the long-term orientation, manager should be focused on improving performance and planning strategies in the long-run.According to (http//businesscommunication.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/09ABC05.pdf), Malays have strong feelings of hospitality, therefore they serve their guests with snacks and drinks. Moreover, this tradition is now being used in business meetings. In that case, our manager should at least try the servings to show respect against the partner. However, It is only the beginning, as this process only creates atmosphere for communication. According to (http//www.ediplomat.com/np/cultural_etiquette/ce_my.htm) , before getti ng down to business, Malays tend to involve the partner into a very long conversation with a lot of personal questions in order to build a trust and relationship, so, I would advise our manager to be patient.According to (http//www.ediplomat.com/np/cultural_etiquette/ce_my.htm), Malay businessmen may try to renegotiate even after drafted written contract, it happens because spoken contract terms are more important for Malays than written ones, therefore as a manager, be wee-wee for it. In addition, Malay businessmen will asseverate on concessions, but wont give up something in exchange, therefore plan several meetings beforehand.According to (http//businesscommunication.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/09ABC05.pdf) expressing the desire and expressing negative feelings is impolite for Malays, therefore as a high-context communication culture, they will be sending indirect messages and using non-verbal signals a lot. For our manager, it means that he should be more sensitive towards the expressed words searching for their hidden context and pay more attention to the non-verbal signals as they will help to decode the context more accurately.Dont bypass the hierarchy in Malaysia, you will lose your face.According to (webin tec), in Asian countries, the manager should be able to answer to any work-related question of the employee. If he couldnt answer, he loses his face, therefore, I advise our manager to be experienced, wise to(p) and to research on everything about companys operations.My personal suggestion is to be ready to the change in the work atmosphere, as I am pretty sure that the group work of Malays will be conducted in one room, where it would be noisy and all people would be sitting face-to face and discussing everything together.According to (http//www.ediplomat.com/np/cultural_etiquette/ce_my.htm), Malays judge person by who he is, therefore, the manager should be chosen appropriately by age, gender, background, family, previous status and so on. I would suggest that he should be a very experienced and knowledgeable senior manager, preferably male, with a diploma from a celebrated university and with work experience in most powerful companies, in addition he should be from well-bred family, and also the important thing is that he should be powerful and from the high social stata.Keep in mind that Malays have flexible time nature, so dont be angry if he comes late, however, according to (http//internationalbusiness.wikia.com/wiki/Things_you_should_avoid_in_Malaysian_Business_Meetings), if you are hosting an event you should be punctual.According to (http//internationalbusiness.wikia.com/wiki/Things_you_should_avoid_in_Malaysian_Business_Meetings) left detention and feet is considered as dirty, therefore never use your left hand or legs to do something. However, business cards taken with both hands are the sign of respect. In addition, carefully examine the taken card as it is very respectful.According to (http//www.backpackin g-tips-asia.com/malaysia-culture.html.UKqRcoc3aP1All),Malays are so polite that they cant say no , so dont be too trustful with yes answers.Avoid qualification meetings on Friday as it is the religious day and Muslims go to the mosque.If you want to take in to a dinner, keep in mind that they dont eat pork and dont drink alcohol in addition they eat Halal food.If someone gives you a gift, you should give something of the same value in exchange or require somewhere, in addition, I would advise not to open the gift in the presence of gift presenter.Remove the shoes before entering someones digestAccording to (http//www.backpacking-tips-asia.com/malaysia-culture.html.UKqRcoc3aP1), if someone invites you, bring a gift but avoid wrapping it in white, blue or black as they lay out death, also yellow too as it is a royal color.If you want to visit mosque, wear long clothing and cover your head.According to ediplomat, pointing with a finger is insult, keeping the hands in pocket is an ger and smash fist into cupped hand is obscene, in addition, it is not allowed to dapple someones head as head is considered as the home of the soul, so dont do all this.According to http//www.kwintessential.co.uk/resources/global-etiquette/malaysia.html, the family is considered as the centre of the social structure, that is why elders should be always respected, and it is not allowed to smoke near to them.When introducing, you should first introduce senior or ranking(prenominal) executives and women firstAccording to http//www.kwintessential.co.uk/resources/global-etiquette/malaysia.html, the concept of face is different here as it is the indicative of good name, characters and reputation of the generations. And you can easily lose your face if you criticize, disagree or insult someone if you earn shame to your group if you challenge an authority if you deny a request or dont keep your promise. It is also told that, face can be saved by keeping yourself calm.Dont smiling as it has several good as well as bad meanings.There are lots of rooms for prayers in the streets, so dont mess them up with restrooms.To greet a person you should lightly touch someones both hands and then bring your right hand to your tit and say Salam. Handshake with women is not allowed, until she offers it first. Just in case, simple smile and nodding is enough as a greeting.

An overview: Chikungunya fever

An overview Chikungunya feverIntroductionThe derivation of chikungunya came from Tanzania, when in that respect were reports of a dengue-like symptom bam in 1952-1953, in the Newala and Masasi Districts of the Southern Province. However, dengue was later on excluded on the basis that this pestilential involved patients suffering from debilitating core perturbs and shorter pensiveness period which are not clinical features of dengue. Consequently, the affection was called chikungunya (Robinson 1955) a word from the Makonde dialect describing patients contorted posture (Lumsden 1955). Chikungunya is an arthropod borne computer virus (arbovirus) of the genus Alphavirus from Togaviridae family. It is convey to valets mainly by day biting mosquito species genus genus genus Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus (Townson and Nathan 2008). Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) contains a positive-sense single stranded RNA genome, enclosed in an icosahedral nucleocapsid (combination of nucle ic acid and capsid) all enclosed in a phospholipid bilayer envelope. imbed in the envelope are multiple copies of twain encoded glycoproteins E1 and E2, a handsome glycoprotein E3, and a hydrophobic peptide 6K (Strauss and Strauss 1994). HistoryThere were no previous account cases of chikungunya or dengue in Tanzania before the chikungunya epidemic in 1952 1953 thus, the inhabitants were highly susceptible in acquiring CHIKV contagions (Robinson 1955). Prescott et al, 2002 stated that herd underground that is, the immunity that is acquired by a large proportion of the population either finished vaccination, or from previous holdtals, thereby rendering the population resistant to the banquet of the diseases. Further much, opposite operators could deal contributed to the epidemic including records of unusually high rainwater during February to whitethorn 1952. Consequently, this condition was thought to provide suitable breeding environment for the mosquitoes to diffu se their population, suggesting that the main transmitter of infections were mosquitoes (Lumsden 1955). However, not single when high rainfall was implicate in enhancing mosquitoes breeding environment, but also water filled trunk jars dug in the inhabitants huts floor in preparation for the drought season. Consequently, these jars are rarely nailly emptied, which further enhanced mosquitoes populations. Another modify factor to the epidemic could be the living conditions and lifestyles of the indigenous populations. Animals such as fowl, pigeons and on occasion goats were reared in the inhabitants huts. Consequently, these vertebrates could also serve as CHIKV hosts, and thus, this has provided opportunities for transmittances between animals and humans. During early January 1953, the incidence of the epidemic has reached its peak (Lumsden 1955). However, once a person has acquired the infection, that person lead become repellent to further infections with the same vir us (Robinson 1955). Subsequently, this means that as herd immunity increases, the number of viraemic inhabitants decreases.AimConsequently, it has inspired this literature surveil on chikungunya in assessing its outbreaks incidence and prevalence, its associations with dengue and the vectors. Furthermore, from this to determine if it poses a take chances that Western medicine should be planning for.clinical FeaturesChikungunya has a viraemic pensiveness period of 3-12 days (Robinson 1955). Rezza et al. (2007) described chikungunya as a mild and self limited disease in most of the patients. with patients presenting with clinical features such as fever ranging from 39-39.8oC, fatigue, skin rash (some epochs itches), headache, common offend (arthalgia), muscle suffering (myalgia), diarrhoea, vomiting, photophobia, and conjunctivitis. Furthermore, Kannan et al. (2009) observed most of the above symptoms with inclusion of oedema, oral ulcers, nausea, and haemorrhage. Arthalgia and myalgia involves extremities such as wrists, ankles, hands, feet and phalanges. However, arthalgia, myalgia, oedema, lethargy, and weakness persisted even subsequently fever had subsided (Kannan et al. 2009). However, the La reunification outbreak observed vertical transmissions from mother to child, with newborns presenting with chikungunya infection without prior meshing of mosquitoes. These infants presented with fever, pain, poor feeding, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), petechiae, distal joint oedema, and thrombocytopenia. Also involved were frightening neonatal infections including encephalitis and haemorrhagic fever. Furthermore, there were cases whereby transient brain haemorrhages were manifold by the presence of DIC (Grardin et al. 2008). Table 1 represents divers(prenominal) clinical features that were associated with chikungunya infection during several outbreaks.Clinical Features associated with ChikungunyaMost commonJoint pain (96.6%) febrilityFeverF everFever (96.3%)Joint painJoint painArthalgiaHeadache (71.2%)ArthritisFatigueMyalgiaMuscle pain (62.6%)Myalgia uncase rashHeadacheCutaneous eruptions (32.5%)ArthralgiaHeadacheAnorexiaHeadacheMuscle painNauseaRashDiarrhoeaItch/ RashSore pharynxItch/ RashOedemaVomitingOral ulcerphotalgiaEye painConjunctivitisVomitingEye congestionleast commonHaemorrhageReferenceRenault et al. 2007Yosulf et al. 2008Kannan et al. 2009Distribution of ChikungunyaThe World Health musical arrangement (WHO) alerted the Global Alert and Response Network in attest 2005, of an imminent outbreak of chikungunya fever in the Comoro Islands. It was the first Southwestern Indian marine islands to be concerned in the epidemic, subsequently other countries were later implicated in this epidemic. The emergence of the epidemic in Mayotte was imported from Grande-Comore by mid-April and by the end of April Mauritius was also implicated. Overall, the Southwestern Indian nautical character was believed to be afflict ed by the first emergence of CHIKV (Renault et al. 2007). In April 2005, a chikungunya infection which started in Grande-Comorre was imported into La reunion (French Overseas Territory), became its first dire account case, in March 2004 to April 2005. It resulted in the establishment of a good operational epidemiologic surveillance musical arrangement by the islands local bureau with the following objectives monitor epidemic trends, characterise cases and detect new transmission clusters to provide orientations for prevention and vector control. Unfortunately, the collection of data was not conducted scientifically, as the figures of reported cases were not scientifically correlated (Renault et al. 2007). Moreover, there were also flaws in the correlation of the epidemic curve as the capacity of the surveillance system was not sufficient to evaluate the number of cases. Consequently, this resulted in an underestimated number of reported cases. (Renault et al. 2007). Approximat ely 3% cases did not correspond with the criteria defining pretend cases as an abrupt onset of fever 38.5oC accompanied by debilitating joint pain. However, Renault et al. (2007) argued that these were mainly collectable to some atypical cases that were sustain by research laboratory testing and also due to errors in reporting cases. Moreover, there could have been misdiagnosis of chikungunya infection as not all of the atypical cases were laboratory confirmed and also the previous year there were outbreak of dengue. By April 2006, 203 deaths which were either instantlyly or indirectly attributed to chikungunya infection with the mortality rate of 0.3/ cat valium people with a median age of 79. Consequently, the number of deaths was minimal. Moreover, the low immune status of the individual as indicated by the age could have been a contributing factor to the death, as some of these individuals were presented with other underlying conditions. However, direct association between d eath and infection was not confirmed due to the absence of autopsies, consequently this made it difficult to assess the extent chikungunya virus had on death.Mayotte, an island of the Comoros archipelago was involved in the first CHIKV outbreak in April 2005 to July 2006 alter approximately 6346 residents. The outbreak involved two waves, with peak occurring in the plunk for wave aroIn the Maldives, an outbreak occurred during declination 2006 to April 2007 with 11879 confirmed and suspected cases. Out of the 197 populate Maldives islands 121 islands reported CHIKV. The epidemic was thought to be associated with unusually high rainfall from October 2006 to March 2007 and post tsunami construction activities which provided breeding sites for mosquitoes. (Yoosuf et al. 2008). On the east seashore of Madagascar, in Toamasina, Chikungunya virus and Dengue type 1 virus outbreak were reported during January to March 2006. The study involved interrogating 4,242 residents in 27 neighbou rhoods, of which 2,863 were suspected cases and of these 44 were hospitalised cases. 55 patients serum were sampled after passing the criteria which included having less(prenominal) than five days of fever as well as one- one-third of these symptoms headache, myalgia, arthralgia, retroorbital pain or rash. The results included 24 dengue patients, 4 chikungunya and 10 co-infections. As the study was only based on clinical investigations, and only a few samples were analysed, there were insufficient investigation to measure the Chikungunyas and Dengues contributions in the 2 peaks of the epidemic curve. Furthermore, 2 of the 24 Dengue patients had IgM Chikungunya virus. This could be caused by false positive or false negative results, resulting in misdiagnosis or they were in fact co-infections (Ratsitorahina et al. 2008).The cases represented on the map are either confirmed cases or suspected cases. Reference 1 Krastinova et al. 2006, 2 Rezza et al. 2007, 3 Pastorino et al. 2004, 4 Sissoko et al. 2008, 5 Lumsden 1955, 6 Tamburro and Depertat 2009, 7 CDC 2009, 8 WHO 2008, 9 Yoosuf et al. 2009.Transmission of CHIKVCHIKV requires an invertebrate and vertebrate host in order to complete its replication cycle (Pardigon 2009). Invertebrate hosts also known as explicit hosts are mainly the Aedes mosquito species. The Aedes mosquito becomes give subsequent to ingesting viraemic kin meal from infected vertebrate hosts. The blood meal containing CHIKV actuate to the gut, there CHIKV undergo replication within the gut wall. Subsequently, CHIKV contain mechanisms permitting its penetration into the mosquitoes tissues. From there, it passes through either the bloodstream or by other methods (not well known) to different sites of the body such as the salivary glands where it undergoes further replication. Extrinsic incubation period (EIP) is defined as the time taken for the vector to transmit CHIKV after ingesting a viraemic blood meal. Subsequently, there are factors that could influence the duration of the EIP including temperature which increases when the EIP decreases. This is thought to be an inverse proportional relationship. Moreover, the quantity of viraemic blood ingested is other factor (Cook and Zumla 2009). Furthermore, Ross (1956) research demonstrated that a mosquito could harbour viral particles for up to 30 days. Gould and Higgs (2009) suggested that vertical transmission of CHIKV from infected mosquitoes result in infected mosquitoes eggs. These eggs, due to their dessicated nature, are able to survive for long period of time in the environment where it hatches during the rainy season. Sylvatic transmission cycle involves vertebrate hosts such as primates, birds, and rodents which serve as natural hosts (Pardigon 2009). However, humans were considered accidental hosts, resulting in urban transmission cycles producing epidemics. After taking a viraemic bloodmeal from an infected human the domestic mosquitoes can also become infec ted thereby contributing to the outbreaks (Gould and Higgs 2009). Distributions of Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegyptiThe main vectors of chikungunya are Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. The vector involved in the 2005/2006 Mayotte outbreak was Aedes albopictus which resided locally on the island (Sissoko et al. 2008). Aedes albopictus was involved in the 2006 Dengue fever and Chikungunya outbreak in Madagascar. The mosquito was anchor in drums, buckets, coconut shells, discarded cans, pots wet containers and tyres (Ratsitorahina et al. 2008). In the 2007 Italian outbreak, the only vector present was Aedes albopictus (Rezza et al. 2007). The main vector associated with recent outbreaks was Aedes albopictus. Effect of climate changeMost of the cases occurred after reports of high rainfall. tie-in with Dengue Fever and MalariaIn the 1999-2000 Democratric Republic of Congo outbreak, patients had acquired simultaneous CHIKV and plasmodium falciparum infection. However, there were no t sufficient evidence to prove co-infection between the two but it was assumed by the authors that it was probable (Pastorino et al. 2004). Compared to CHIKV, dengue virus is of the genus Flavirivirus from Flaviridae family and contains 4 serotypes (Dayal-Drager 2004 cited by Seyler et al. 2009). The 2006 Madagascar outbreak showed that the mosquito can harbour both Chikungunya and dengue virus (Ratsitorahina et al. 2008). CHIKV is often masked by dengue fever due to convertible clinical features. Consequently, a study by Vazeille et al. (2008) demonstrated that Aedes aegypti has a higher susceptibility in Dengue 2 virus and a lower susceptibility to CHIKV. Moreover, studies by Vazeille et al. (2008) and Moutailler et al. (2009) demonstrated that Aedes albopictus are more effiecient at harbouring CHIKV than dengue 2 virus. Importation into EuropeFranceBetween March 2005 to August 2006, 80 visitors from Chikungunya infected countries in the Southwest Indian Ocean region (La Reunion, Mauritius, Mayotte, Comoros and India) confirmed chikungunya infection at Piti-Salptrine Hospital in Paris, France (Hochedez et al. 2007).ItalyIn 2007, a massive CHIKV outbreak occurred in the Emilia Romagna region in northeastern Italy. There were 205 identified cases with frebile illness reported in Castiglione di Cervia and Castiglione di Ravenna villages (171) separated by the river in Revana province, and Cervia (13) and other villages (21), between July 4 to family 27. The epidemic was believed to be imported from Kerala, India (CHIKV epidemic infested area) by a man, who after two days of his arrival in Castiglione di Cervia developed frebile illness. The majority of the cases were the immemorial (median age 60) representing increased incidence with age. Aedes albopictus which causes Chikungunya was also found in the area of the epidemic which further propagated the virus. Positive CHIKV sequences were detected in 90 captured Aedes albopictus mosquitoes from Castiglione di Cervia and 125 from Castiglione di Ravenna. Most cases occurred in Castiglione di Cervia and Castiglione di Ravenna Villages with peak incidence during third week of August. The 13 Cervia cases were local transmission introduced from Castiglione through migration (Rezza et al. 2007).Other European CountriesDue to travelling, several European countries have encountered CHIKV from viraemic travellers from epidemic countries (Panning et al. 2008). The study was conducted at the Bernhard-Nocht Institute for tropic medicate in Hamburg, Germany involved 680 patients.ReferencesBeran, G. W. (1994) Handbook of zoonoses. segmentation B Viral. 2nd Edition. CRC Press LLC Florida. CDC. (2009) bam notice. 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