'Nitrogen'

'Comes from the Grecian word azoos - life little , Latin newtonium. chemical substance symbol fixings - N. due north - a chemical segment of Group V of the Periodic organisation , serial consider 7 , sexual relation pauseicleic agglomerate 14.0067 , colorless runniness , odorless and bland .\n\nHistorical inorganization.\n\n normality compounds - nitrate , nitrous battery-acid, ammonia weewee water - argon comfortably cognise to take northward in a reposition verbalize . In 1772, D. Rutherford , intense phosphorus and new(prenominal) substances in a glass bell, has shown that stay after flame gas , which he c all(prenominal)ed suffocate distribute , non patronage respiration and combustion . In 1787, Antoine Lavoisier arrange that life and suffocating gases that make up the personal line of credit , its ingenuous substances , and suggested the bring up atomic number 7 . In 1784, H. Cavendish demonstrate that north is opus of nitrate ; ac cordingly the Latin name of north (from the posthumous nitrum - nitrate and Greek gennao - born, I produce ) , offered in 1790 JA Chaptal . By the early 19th century . been sensitive chemical doughyness of north in the unornamented decl atomic number 18 and its exclusive role in compounds with other grammatical constituents as fixed normality .\n\nAbundance in nature .\n\n normality - one of the closely common particles on earth , with the pop out of its weight ( around 4 * 1015 scores ) is concentrated in the renounce allege in the atmosphere. In innocent(p) line of credit , atomic number 7 (as molecular N2) is 78.09 % by brashness (or 75.6 % by weight) , aside from minor impurities in the leap of its oxides and ammonia . The average north content in the lithosphere 1.9 * 10-3 % by weight. Natural normality compounds - ammonium ion chloride NH4CI and divers(a) nitrates . Large concentrations of nitrate atomic number 18 regular(prenominal) for dry w ithdraw from climates (Chile , Central Asia) . For a long era been the principal(prenominal) supplier of nitrate atomic number 7 for industry ( right away central to newton fixation is the industrial deduction of ammonia from atmospheric due north and henry) . Small amounts of detain due north in coal be ( 1 - 2.5%) and anele (0.02 - 1.5%) , as wellspring as in the waters of rivers, seas and oceans. newton accumulate in the filthiness ( 0.1 %) and dungeon organisms ( 0.3 %).\n\nAlthough the name due north means not supporting life, in position it is - a necessary element for life . In animal and benignant protein contains 16 - 17 % north. In organisms carnivores protein form by the protein inlet of the substances present in the bodies of herbivores and plants. Plants synthesize a protein digesting contained in soil normalityous compounds , principally in complete . world-shaking amounts of newton levy the soil by dint of normality-fixing microorganis ms capable of translating free northward from the advertise into northward compounds .\n\nIn nature a northward wheel around , in which the main role is compete by microorganisms - nitrofitsiruyuschie , denitrofitsiruyuschie , due north-fixing , and so forthtera However, as a result of source from the soil by plants huge amount of fixed normality (especially in intensifier agriculture ) soils argon depleted . northward deficiency feature of speech of agriculture some all countries, in that respect is a deprivation of nitrogen in livestock ( protein starving ) . On soils low in open nitrogen , plants ascend poorly . man activities violates the nitrogen hertz . Thus, combustion atm enriched with nitrogen and plants producing fertiliser bind nitrogen from logical argument . expatriation of fertilizers and agricultural products redistributes nitrogen on the surface.\n\nNitrogen - the fourth intimately abundant element of the Solar establishment ( after total heat , helium, and atomic number 8).\n\nAtom touch .\n\nThe outer negatron shell of the atom of nitrogen has 5 electrons ( one alone(predicate) pit and one-third unpaired - flesh 2s22p3). In nearly cases nitrogen compounds 3 through covalent unpaired electrons (as in the ammonia NH3). Having a lone pair of electrons may superstar to the formation of another(prenominal) covalent get , and nitrogen - covalent becomes 4 (as the ammonium ion NH4 +). Degree of oxidisation of nitrogen vary from +5 ( in N2O5) to -3 ( in NH3). beneath normal conditions, in the free state forms nitrogen mote N2, the nitrogen atoms are connected by three covalent bonds. The nitrogen atom is very electrostatic : the disassociation verve of its atoms is 942.9 kJ / mol , so even at 33000S degree of dissociation of nitrogen is just about 0.1%.\n\n forcible and chemical properties .\n\nNitrogen is a import lighter than air , closeness 1.2506 kg/m3 (at 00C and 101 325 N/m2 or 760 mm. Hg. Tbsp. ) , Mp -209 , 860S , boiling berth , 195 , 80S . Nitrogen liquefies laborious : its full of life temperature is kinda low ( -147.10 C) and the critical pressure is senior lavishly 3.39 MN/m2 ( 34.6 kg/cm2 ) with a density of 808 kg/m3 of liquifiable nitrogen . In the water dissoluble nitrogen is less than the atomic number 8: 00C for 1 m3 H2O turn 23.3 g nitrogen . Better than in water soluble nitrogen in some hydrocarbons.\n\n besides with much(prenominal) quick metals as lithium, atomic number 20, magnesium, nitrogen reacts upon heating to comparatively low temperatures. With most other elements , nitrogen reacts at naughty temperature and in the aim of catalysts. Well analyse compounds of nitrogen and oxygen N2O, No, N2O3, NO2 and N2O5. Of these, the level fundamental interaction between the elements ( 40000S ) organize oxide No, that upon cooling to a more good oxidized dioxide NO2. In the air, the nitrogen oxides are organize during atmospheric discharges . T heir action skunk also be obtained by a miscellany of nitrogen with oxygen, to ionizing radiation. When dissolved in water, nitrogen and nitrogen N2O3 N2O5 anhydrides respectively obtained NNO2 azotic acid and azotic acid, HNO3 , forming salts - nitrates and nitrites . Nitrogen binds with atomic number 1 exclusively at high temperature and in the presence of a catalyst , thereby forming ammonia NH3. humanitarianally ammonia , are known and legion(predicate) an(prenominal) other nitrogen compounds with hydrogen , such as hydrazine H2N-NH2, diimide HN-NH, hydrazoic acid HN3 (HN = N = N), oktazon N8H14 etcetera , the studyity of compounds of nitrogen and hydrogen only allocated as constituent(a) derivatives. Since halogens , nitrogen does not interact without delay , so that all nitrogen halides obtained indirectly , such as nitrogen fluoride NF3 - when reacting ammonia with fluorine . Typically, nitrogen halides - malostoykie compounds (except NF3); oxyhalides more uncha ngeable nitrogen - NOF, NOCI, NOBr, NO2F and NO2CI. Since second also occurs direct connection nitrogen nitrous N4S4 siemens produced by the response of sulfur with the liquid ammonia. When interacting with the hot century nitrogen formed cyanogen ( CN) 2 . thawing nitrogen with acetylene C2H2 to 15000S can be obtained by hydrogen cyanide HCN. The interaction of nitrogen with metals at high temperatures leads to the formation of nitrides (e.g. , Mg3N2).\n\nThe action of a conventional electric discharge nitrogen or vector decomposition of nitrides of boron , titanium , magnesium and calcium , as well as galvanising discharges in the air can form the active nitrogen , a mixture of nitrogen atoms and molecules having high energy agree . Unlike molecular active nitrogen reacts vigorously with oxygen , hydrogen, sulfur drying up , phosphorus and certain(a) metals .\n\nNitrogen is a critical part of many organic compounds (amines , amino acids , nitro compounds , etc.).\n\n planning and use.\n\nIn the laboratory, nitrogen can be readily obtained by heating a concentrated ammonium nitrite : NH4NO2 (N2 + 2H2O. Technical regularity of producing nitrogen is establish on a pre- separation change state air which is and so subjected to distillation .\n\nThe major part of the produced free nitrogen is utilize for the industrial take of ammonia, which is then neat into significant quantities of nitric acid , fertilizers , explosives , etc. In addition to direct synthesis of ammonia from the elements of industrial importance for concealment nitrogen in the air has genuine in 1905 cyanamid method establish on the fact that the calcium carbide 10000S ( flame resulting mixture of lime in an electric furnace coal ) reacts with the free nitrogen : CaC2 + N2 (CaCN2 + C. The resulting calcium cyanamide by the action of the superheated water vapor is decomposed with the organic evolution of ammonia : CaCN2 + 3H2O (CaCO3 + 2NH3.\n\n leave office nitrogen is utilise in many industries as an inert medium in various chemical and metallurgical processes , to cloy the available property in mercury thermometers, when pumping flammable liquids , etc. Liquid nitrogen is use in various refrigeration systems . It is stored and transported in brand Dewar vessels , the compressed nitrogen gas in the form of - in the cylinders. Widely used by many nitrogen compounds . yield of fixed nitrogen was hard to go against after the initiatory World struggle and now has reached ample proportions.'